Соотношение между дискриминацией и представительством: на пути к более инклюзивному обществу

Equality is a word that gets thrown around often in political debates and it is at the core of many philosophical beliefs. Additionally, it often goes hand in hand with themes such as freedom and justice, which are all related to the way power is distributed and exercised. Although modern Western societies are built around the liberal model — with its obsession over freedom and autonomy — it is possible to still identify several imbalances in the way power is exchanged. From these instances of inequality, unhappiness is born. When segments of a community are cast away and forced to live in the margins of society, they often end up enjoying less freedom than the dominant groups. Moreover, through the (sometimes intentional) misuse of language, political representation and cultural elements. This becomes painfully evident when looking at the world through a gendered lens, for the confusion that arises around multiple, fluid identities in an environment that is heavily polarised can create the very loss of freedom that it aims to defeat. New labels have emerged in the last three decades, labels which have put a strain on the feminist movement as it was traditionally conceived. Moreover, several scholars have underlined the schizophrenia of identities that have emerged ever since the end of the 20th century, a phenomenon that, as some authors claim, will undermine the very idea of what it means to be human. In such a chaotic situation, some suggest a complete elimination of identities, while others advocate for the crystallisation of certain positions, especially in the world of politics. Many of the solutions proposed to ensure equality in Western societies in the face of a multitude of points of view often disregard the fundamental components of human nature — and of identity — which are both natural and artificial. A comprehensive approach must evaluate all sides of humanity. The fractured identities that seem to characterise the new millennium have also uncovered instances of inequality in many aspects of everyday life, from language to politics. These cultural and social biases prevent disadvantaged groups from fully enjoying their autonomy among their peers. Furthermore, they also hinder the adoption of laws that would eliminate the legal barriers to equality. Once the existence of an unbalanced power system is acknowledged, a system that gives power to a majority over a handful of minorities, it is important to generate acceptance besides tolerance, to make every citizen feel welcome in their own society.Равенство — это слово, которое часто используется в политических дебатах, и оно лежит в основе многих философских убеждений. Кроме того, оно часто идет рука об руку с такими темами, как свобода и справедливость, и все они связаны с тем, как распределяется и осуществляется власть. Хотя современные западные общества построены вокруг либеральной модели — с ее одержимостью свободой и автономией, все же можно выявить несколько дисбалансов в способе обмена властью. Из этих примеров неравенства рождается несчастье. Когда сегменты сообщества отвергаются и вынуждены жить на задворках общества, они часто в конечном итоге пользуются меньшей свободой, чем доминирующие группы. И более того, происходит это из-за (иногда преднамеренного) неправильного использования языка, политического представительства и культурных элементов. Это становится болезненно очевидным, когда смотришь на мир через гендерную призму, поскольку путаница, возникающая вокруг множественных, изменчивых идентичностей в среде, которая сильно поляризована, может привести к той самой потере свободы, которую она стремится сохранить. За последние три десятилетия появились новые лейблы, которые оказали давление на феминистское движение в его традиционном понимании. Более того, некоторые ученые подчеркивают шизофрению идентичностей, которая возникла с конца 20-го века, явление, которое, как утверждают некоторые авторы, подорвет саму идею о том, что значит быть человеком. В такой хаотичной ситуации некоторые предлагают полную ликвидацию идентичностей, в то время как другие выступают за кристаллизацию определенных позиций, особенно в мире политики. Многие из решений, предлагаемых для обеспечения равенства в западных обществах перед лицом множества точек зрения, часто игнорируют фундаментальные компоненты человеческой природы — и идентичности, — которые являются как естественными, так и искусственными. Комплексный подход должен оценивать все стороны человечества. Раздробленные идентичности, которые, по-видимому, характеризуют новое тысячелетие, также выявили случаи неравенства во многих аспектах повседневной жизни: от языка до политики. Эти культурные и социальные предубеждения мешают группам, находящимся в неблагоприятном положении, в полной мере пользоваться своей автономией среди своих сверстников. Кроме того, они также препятствуют принятию законов, которые устранили бы юридические барьеры на пути к равенству. Как только признается существование несбалансированной системы власти, системы, которая дает власть большинству над горсткой меньшинств, важно добиться признания помимо терпимости, чтобы каждый гражданин чувствовал себя желанным гостем в своем собственном обществе

Effect of Ru loading and of Ru precursor in Ru/C catalysts for ammonia synthesis

One of the key points in the study of Ru/C catalysts for ammonia synthesis is the structure sensitivity of the reaction, which usually determines the proper metal loading, so governing the cost of the final catalyst. In the present work, the effect of Ru loading on catalytic activity and thermal stability (i.e. catalyst resistance against support methanation and metal sintering) was investigated. The optimal Ru loading was found to be around 3.5 wt.%, a value considerably lower with respect to that commonly found in literature. Furthermore, top activity was obtained with 10-15% Ru dispersion, higher dispersion values leading to less performing catalysts. Finally, the effect of some different water-soluble Ru precursors on catalyst behaviour was also investigated

Improving Visual Field Examination of the Macula Using Structural Information

Purpose: To investigate a novel approach for structure-function modeling in glaucoma to improve visual field testing in the macula. Methods: We acquired data from the macular region in 20 healthy eyes and 31 with central glaucomatous damage. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were used to estimate the local macular ganglion cell density. Perimetry was performed with a fundus-tracking device using a 10-2 grid. OCT scans were matched to the retinal image from the fundus perimeter to accurately map the tested locations onto the structural damage. Binary responses from the subjects to all presented stimuli were used to calculate the structure-function model used to generate prior distributions for a ZEST (Zippy Estimation by Sequential Testing) Bayesian strategy. We used simulations based on structural and functional data acquired from an independent dataset of 20 glaucoma patients to compare the performance of this new strategy, structural macular ZEST (MacS-ZEST), with a standard ZEST. Results: Compared to the standard ZEST, MacS-ZEST reduced the number of presentations by 13% in reliable simulated subjects and 14% with higher rates (≥20%) of false positive or false negative errors. Reduction in mean absolute error was not present for reliable subjects but was gradually more important with unreliable responses (≥10% at 30% error rate). Conclusions: Binary responses can be modeled to incorporate detailed structural information from macular OCT into visual field testing, improving overall speed and accuracy in poor responders. Translational Relevance: Structural information can improve speed and reliability for macular testing in glaucoma practice

Catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons over perovskites

The advantages and disadvantages of the catalysts so far employed or proposed for the low temperature catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons, in both static and mobile energy production devices, are discussed. Furthermore, a La0.9Ce0.1CoO3\ub1\u3b4 perovskite has been prepared by a recently proposed new flame-hydrolysis (FH) method. This proved a high surface area, thermally highly resistant catalyst. The partial substitution of Ce for La in such a cobaltite led to a relatively low suprafacial activity, but to a high bulk oxygen mobility, leading to high intrafacial activity for the catalytic flameless combustion of methane. The best operating conditions have been also found, for supporting the so prepared active phase, by dip-coating of a cordieritic honeycomb support, after deposition of an alumina primer. A very active and durable catalyst was so obtained, useful for practical application in the environmentally friendly low temperature combustion of methane

Torsion free groups with indecomposable holonomy group I

We study the torsion free generalized crystallographic groups with the indecomposable holonomy group which is isomorphic to either a cyclic group of order ${p^s}$ or a direct product of two cyclic groups of order ${p}$.Comment: 22 pages, AMS-Te

Spatial analysis of road crashes involving vulnerable road users in support of road safety management strategies

On urban road networks, approximately 2 out of 3 fatalities involve pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists, collectively referred to as “vulnerable road users” (VRU) due to their insufficient physical protection in the event of a collision. For a safer and more sustainable road transportation system, adequate protective countermeasures need to be introduced for this user category. However, related (and limited) resources restrict any safety improvements to certain high-risk sites with elevated rates of road traffic collisions. This study reports the results of a spatial distribution analysis of traffic collisions involving VRU in Turin over the period 2006-2016. The traffic road collisions database from the Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) was used for this purpose. Crash data were firstly geo-localized, and then analyzed using Geographic Information System technologies. A cluster analysis and a Kernel Density estimation were used to build spatial patterns of crashes involving VRU. Hazardous sites were identified on a metropolitan scale. Incorrect estimates of the actual collision frequency, which are typical of studies conducted over short periods, were avoided by considering only those sites where collision rates remained significantly high throughout the entire observation period (eleven years). The results show that clusters occur at intersections, many of which are located along corridors affected by heavy traffic flows and wide cross-sections. A further analysis was conducted to explain the role played by the geometric configuration (layout) of most hazardous sections and intersections in the level and severity of injuries and fatalities

Spatial analysis of road crashes involving vulnerable road users in support of road safety management strategies

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Electron beam transfer line design for plasma driven Free Electron Lasers

Plasma driven particle accelerators represent the future of compact accelerating machines and Free Electron Lasers are going to benefit from these new technologies. One of the main issue of this new approach to FEL machines is the design of the transfer line needed to match of the electron-beam with the magnetic undulators. Despite the reduction of the chromaticity of plasma beams is one of the main goals, the target of this line is to be effective even in cases of beams with a considerable value of chromaticity. The method here explained is based on the code GIOTTO [1] that works using a homemade genetic algorithm and that is capable of finding optimal matching line layouts directly using a full 3D tracking code.Comment: 9 Pages, 4 Figures. A related poster was presented at EAAC 201